Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health
Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health (JESPH) is wide scope open access peer-reviewed scientific journal for research scientists in areas of environmental sciences and public health. JESPH publishes editorials, original articles, research notes, reviews, commentary, Case report and short communications in the interdisciplinary area of environmental health sciences and public health.
Organizational Determinants of Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Facilities Handling Animal Products: Analysis of Waste Management and Vaccination Practices in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Zoonotic diseases represent a major public health challenge, particularly in resource-limited countries where health and environmental management systems are insufficiently structured. This study aims to analyze the organizational factors associated with the prevention of zoonotic diseases in facilities handling animal products in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted with 169 organizations (public markets, slaughterhouses, butcher shops, supermarkets, and delicatessens). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire focusing on waste management practices, the existence of regulations, and worker vaccination status. Statistical analysis included a descriptive approach, bivariate analysis (chi-square test), and binary logistic regression to identify independent determinants. The results show that 57.4% of organizations do not have a formalized waste management procedure, 78.1% do not sort waste, and 82.8% do not treat liquid effluents. Bivariate analysis reveals significant associations between waste management and organizational variables (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identifies waste sorting (OR = 18.13), liquid effluent treatment (OR = 7.23), and regulatory compliance (OR = 3.96) as major independent determinants. The model demonstrates good predictive performance (AUC = 0.844). In conclusion, the prevention of zoonotic diseases in the studied facilities depends heavily on the level of internal organization and the application of the regulatory framework. Strengthening waste management practices, particularly the sorting and treatment of effluents, as well as the effective application of health standards, is a priority. These results support the implementation of an integrated "One Health" approach to sustainably improve public health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health
An Evidence-Based Approach to Assess Ecotherapy Currently in Practice
In this systematic review, an evidence-based approach is adopted to address the use of ecotherapy in psychotherapeutic practice. Two literature databases (APA PsycNET, Web of Science) were searched for environmental psychology (or ecopsychology) and ecotherapy to access practice-relevant studies. The searches derived 15 items that are examined in detail in this paper. Summary tables are provided of information about study type, impetus, activities, data collection, and sample size, plus demographic information concerning sex/ gender, age, ethnicity/ race, and education. Data are scanty for the latter two demographic variables. The available evidence suggests that studies are predominantly White (Western), mainly completed as participants by those with at least an undergraduate degree, and dominated by women participants from a range of ages. Introducing ecotherapy into psychotherapy may serve as a way to contribute towards diversity through Indigenous perspectives of nature.
Erratum: Environmental Influences on Atopic Eczema
Abstract not available in the source database.
A High-Throughput Approach to Monitoring Pesticide Residues in Honey and Propolis: Applications in Albanian Beekeeping
Honey and other bee products are valued natural foods and important bioindicators of environmental contamination, yet systematic residue data from Albanian beekeeping producers are limited. This study aimed to characterize pesticide residues in honey and propolis to assess consumer safety and potential risks to bee health. Honey and propolis samples were collected from beekeeping producers in six Albanian regions, including one organic park, to capture managed and semi natural exposure conditions. A validated multi residue QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) based method aligned with USP <561> was applied using GC MS/MS and LC MS/MS to determine ~95 pesticides across organochlorine, organophosphate, pyrethroid and other classes, with compound specific limits of detection and regulatory decision thresholds. All honey samples complied with USP <561> limits and relevant EU maximum residue levels, indicating low dietary risk for consumers and consistency with recent international assessments of honey safety. Two propolis samples contained aldrin/dieldrin, cyfluthrin and/or fenpropathrin at concentrate above maximum residue limits. There were also legacy and current use pesticides detected at low levels in hive related products from organically managed colonies and regions, suggesting environmental contamination. These findings suggest that Albanian honey is safe for human consumption under current conditions, while highlighting potential chronic and sublethal risks to bee colonies from pesticide accumulation in hive materials. Due to simplicity, scalability, and an abundance in analyte coverage, this method may serve as a high-throughput platform for pesticide monitoring in apiculture and provides a robust framework for national residue monitoring in bee products. Bee-related products can be used as a practical bioindicator to guide pollinator protection strategies and pesticide risk management at the country and regional level.
Microplastics (MP) in Drinking Water Linked with Colorectal Cancer Across Urban-Rural Counties of Maryland
Microplastics, defined as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter, are evident in the environment and a growing public health concern because they are found in drinking water systems. Here, we investigate the correlation between microplastic levels in drinking water and colorectal cancer rates in Maryland. Drinking water samples were collected and analyzed. Statistical analyses were conducted to test the relationship between microplastic concentration in drinking water and colorectal cancer incidence. Some rural Maryland counties tended to show significantly higher microplastic concentrations in the drinking water than their urbanized counterparts. Even though one would expect urbanized areas with higher population density and plastic waste generation to show higher microplastic concentrations in their drinking water. Adding to this unexpected pattern, the same rural counties (Allegany, Caroline and Dorchester) that had the highest microplastic contamination in their drinking water were also noted to have the highest incidence of colorectal cancer rates in the state of Maryland. This research highlights the importance of addressing microplastic contamination in drinking water, the pathways through which it enters public systems and its broader implications for public health policies and practices. By identifying potential risks, this study contributes to a growing body of knowledge on environmental toxins and their impact on human health, and to our knowledge, it is the first study that shows a correlation between microplastic-contaminated drinking water in rural counties of Maryland and increased colorectal cancer rates.
Acknowledgement to Authors, Reviewers and Editors of Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health in 2025
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health
Climate Change Impacts and Regional Adaptation Patterns in Bangladesh: Evidence from 2018–2024
Introduction: Bangladesh is strongly climate-exposed due to its location and high population density. Regional greenhouse effect impacts are examined in five major areas—Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Barisal, and Rajshahi—to understand region-wise climatic concerns and adaptation patterns. Methods: Systematic non-participant observation technique was employed between 2018-2024, noting environmental and socio-economic changes on observation checklists. Computational analysis with Python performed rice yield trend analysis, such as statistical modeling, correlation analysis, and ARIMA forecasting up to 2027. Results: Every region experienced consistent increases in temperature (1.4°C average) and diminishing rainfall (300-600mm reduction). Coastal areas were most impacted: sea-level increase was 5.3cm in Khulna, crop production dropped 14-16% overall, and rice cropping had strong negative temperature correlation (r = -0.98 to -1.00). Economic damage increased from 17,500 to 23,600 million BDT overall. Health impacts intensified in urban areas, while climate migration rose to 33,000 people in Dhaka. Loss of forest cover escalated along the coast but government control and public awareness increased exponentially. Conclusion: The study demonstrates acute, localized climate vulnerabilities that demand localized adaptation strategies instead of national uniformity, thus emphasizing the need for localized climate resilience planning for Bangladesh's diverse ecological zones.
Modeling the Air Quality and Asthma Impacts under a Four-Day Workweek: Health and Economic Implications for Urban Policy
Purpose: The four-day workweek appears to be a viable implementation, assuring improvements in work-life balance and traffic congestion, among other benefits. This paper explores changes in several key air quality indices—NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), PM2.5 (particulate matter), and AQI (air quality index)—between weekdays and weekends, in order to estimate the potential economic and health impacts of an extended three-day weekend, based on the volume of asthma-related emergency department visits. Methods: Daily air quality data for the three air quality indices were downloaded from the U.S. EPA Air Quality System for the year 2023, representing real-time pollutant concentrations. Then, a t-test for paired samples was conducted to determine any statistically significant differences at the 0.01 significance level, comparing averaged weekday (Monday to Friday) pollutant levels with those of the weekend (Saturday to Sunday). For the simulation of a four-day workweek intervention, a counterfactual scenario was modeled. Under this intervention, one weekday NO2 level was replaced with the weekend mean based on the observed reduction in traffic-related emissions. Modeled NO2 reductions were applied to a validated exposure-response coefficient linking a 4% increase in asthma exacerbations to a 1 μg/m³ rise in NO2 levels. Baseline asthma-related ED visits for Los Angeles County (n = 33,234 annually) were stratified into pediatric (0–17 years, 12,680 visits) and adult (18+ years, 20,554 visits) categories. The total number of ED visits prevented was calculated proportionally using the modeled NO2 reductions. Healthcare costs were estimated using a median cost of $1,502 per ED visit, and total economic savings were quantified. Results: Of the three air quality indices analyzed, only NO2 showed significant differences between weekdays and weekends. Weekday NO2 levels averaged 23.86 ± 6.72 μg/m³, compared to 20.14 ± 5.86 μg/m³ on weekends (p < 0.01). PM2.5 and AQI exhibited no significant changes, indicating that NO2 is the most responsive pollutant to traffic-related emissions. Modeling a four-day workweek intervention reduced weekday NO2 levels to 22.27 μg/m³—a reduction of 1.59 μg/m³. That reduction, applied to the exposure-response relationship developed and validated in the study, was believed to represent a 6.38% reduction in asthma exacerbations. Health impacts included an estimated 2,121 avoided asthma-related emergency department (ED) visits annually, stratified by 810 pediatric and 1,311 adult visits. Respective healthcare cost savings totaled $3.19 million per year, reflecting high economic returns due to NO2 emissions reduction. These results provide insight into the real-world feasibility of a weekend extension in mitigating vehicular pollution and its potential impact on society. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a four-day workweek intervention can significantly reduce weekday NO2 emissions, with no significant effects observed for PM2.5 and AQI. By targeting NO2, the most responsive and actionable pollutant, this intervention could prevent over 2,100 asthma-related emergency department (ED) visits annually and generate $3.19 million in healthcare cost savings in LA County, and suggests that this may be only the tip of the iceberg regarding the possible global impact from asthma, which can be mitigated with a reduction in pollution that a shorter four-day workweek enables. Clinical Implications: These findings have significant implications for establishing a four-day workweek as a viable, scalable public health intervention to reduce trafficrelated NO2 emissions and improve respiratory health. NO2-directed strategies, such as extra-long weekends, low-emission zones, and fleet transition to cleaner transportation technologies, should be at the top of the list of policy priorities for consequential, reproducible health and economic benefits.
Studying the Impact of Air Pollution on Google Search Trends for Asthma
Background: This study aimed to examine the relationship between air pollutant levels— nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM2.5), and air quality index (AQI)—and public interest in asthma-related information, tracked through Google search activity. Design and Methods: Using an ecological study design, we examined air quality data alongside weekly Google Trends data for keywords related to asthma (“cough” and “inhaler”) in Los Angeles County for 2023. Correlation analysis, timelagged correlations, and Mann-Whitney U tests assessed relationships between air pollutant levels and public search interest. Results: Average values for NO2, PM2.5, and AQI were 22.6 ± 6.6 ppb, 12.1 ± 3.4 μg/m³, and 52.3 ± 15.2, respectively. A moderate positive correlation was found between NO2 levels and search interest in asthma-related terms, especially at a 0-week lag (r = 0.60, p < 0.05). PM2.5 and AQI levels showed no significant correlations with search behavior. The Mann-Whitney U test showed that high-NO2 periods corresponded with significantly increased search interest (test statistic = 566.5, p = 0.00013). Conclusion: Our findings suggest a link between NO2 levels and increased public concern for asthma, reflected in Google search trends. The lack of similar correlations with PM2.5 and AQI underscores NO2 ’s role in asthma-related search activity. This study highlights Google Trends as being valuable for real-time health monitoring and timely public health interventions. Future research could explore public health information-seeking behaviors via digital platforms in response to a wider range of pollutants in diverse populations.
Innovative Modification for Orthognathic Splint
Le Fort I osteotomy is a frequently performed surgical procedure in patients with cleft lip and palate, often complicated by maxillary hypoplasia and scarring from previous corrective surgeries. These factors can make maxillary mobilization challenging and negatively impact long-term stability. Acrylic occlusal wafers, commonly used in both cleft and non-cleft osteotomies, help establish proper jaw alignment, but cleft patients require significantly more force for mobilization. To address this, a modified acrylic occlusal splint was developed, incorporating metal loops for improved intermaxillary fixation. The construction process involves standard techniques, with additional steps to ensure optimal engagement and comfort. The modified splint offers several advantages, including increased surgical stability, cost-effectiveness, and protection of oral tissues, making it a valuable tool for cleft lip and palate osteotomies.
User Perception of Refillable Packaging for Use in Cosmetic Products
The present study aimed to assess the introduction of refillable packaging at cosmetic company, considering the material's sustainability, technical and behavioral factors, and market availability. Two cosmetic products that presented a greater possibility of refillable packaging were selected: a modulating gel and a moisturizer. A preliminary assessment conducted by three Brazilian cosmetic companies and six packaging suppliers led to selecting five types of flexible packaging as refillable options. Potential users of refillable packaging assessed these options and the habitual packaging via an electronic questionnaire disseminated nationwide. It was found that 75.1% of the interviewees were familiar with refillable packaging. Women, individuals with higher education levels (graduates or postgraduates), and those living in Southern Brazil exhibited more sustainable behavior. 63.7% of the women cleaned packaging before discarding it, while 82.7% of postgraduates and 100% of those consulted in the southern region dumped recyclable and non-recyclable waste separately. However, price was the most influential factor (92.7%) in purchasing refillable packaging products, which tend to be lower than the product in its original packaging. SWOT analysis showed that cosmetic products can be packaged in refillable packaging: standard stand-up pouch and stand-up pouch with cap, both made of the same material since monomaterial packaging is more favorable for recycling.
Investigating the Psychological and Physiological Effects of Igusa (Juncus effusus L. var. decipiens “Suzukaze”) Scent: A Pilot Study Using Igusa Water
Background: Tatami mats, an integral part of traditional Japanese architecture, are renowned for their distinctive scent primarily derived from rush (Juncus effusus L. var. decipiens) or igusa in Japanese. Although the aroma of tatami is deeply ingrained in Japanese culture, its potential psychological and physiological effects remain underexplored. Methods: This study investigated the effects of igusa scent on mood, cognitive function, and behavior. The experiment was conducted in three stages to clarify its effects; 1. on brain activity when individuals inhaled a scent released from an inhaler in a small closed room, 2. on healthy subjects’ moods in a normal living environment with a scent emitted by a diffuser, and 3. on the well-being of elderly individuals in a normal living environment using scents emitted by a diffuser. EEG monitor, visual stimuli tests, POMS mood test, 100 square calculation tests, and questionnaire were used for healthy individuals. MMSE test, DBD test, and CMAI test were used for individuals with dementia. Results: Subsequent experiments involving healthy individuals and elderly participants in nursing homes revealed that igusa scent enhanced cognitive function, improved mood, and reduced behavioral symptoms, especially among elderly individuals with dementia. Conclusions: The scent of igusa water demonstrated its effects regardless of preference. It can also be expected to have an effect through long-term exposure, even for those who do not perceive the scent.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health
Measuring the Impact of Disability-Inclusive Emergency Planning on Vulnerable Populations
Background: In Bangladesh, where 70% of the population lives in floodprone areas, individuals with disabilities face heightened risks during emergencies. Despite efforts to improve emergency planning, there is a lack of specific tools tailored to the needs of these populations. This study was evaluated an adapted disability-inclusive emergency planning tool, developed based on the AUCD framework, for its effectiveness in enhancing preparedness among individuals with disabilities in Gazipur district. Methods: A sample of 100 participants, including individuals with physical, sensory, and cognitive disabilities, as well as parents, community volunteers, and emergency responders, was selected using purposive sampling. Pre- and post-intervention surveys and key informant interviews were conducted to measure changes in preparedness. Results: The intervention led to significant improvements in emergency preparedness metrics. Knowledge of flood preparedness increased from 45% to 85% (p < 0.001), access to emergency resources rose from 31% to 70% (p < 0.001), participation in emergency drills grew from 20% to 63% (p < 0.001), confidence in emergency response improved from 41% to 72% (p < 0.001), and accessibility of shelters increased from 48% to 84% (p < 0.001). Participant feedback was largely positive, with high ratings for the tool's ease of use and cultural relevance. Conclusion: The adapted AUCD tool significantly improved preparedness and response capabilities among individuals with disabilities. The findings highlight the effectiveness of tailored interventions and underscore the need for ongoing training and resource development to address barriers and enhance emergency planning for all populations.
Silent Voices of Immigrants and Refugees Battling with Mental Health and Addiction during COVID-19: A Follow- Up Population-Based Cohort Retrospective Study in Ontario, Canada
Background: Although the COVID-19 pandemic has affected all communities across Canada, immigrants and refugees have shouldered a disproportionate burden of the disease. This health disparity is not surprising, given their structurally marginalized social and economic positions. Further, immigrants and refugees with chronic health conditions, such as mental health and addiction disorders (MH&A), may be particularly vulnerable to the pandemic's negative impacts due to the preexisting debilitating health conditions. There is limited information in this area. This study is a follow up to our first study that looked at the impact of COVID-19 on immigrants and refugee population living with MH&A over a year of COVID-19 (See DOI: 10.26502/acbr.50170393). Methods: As our initial study only covered the first two waves of COVID-19, a follow up retrospective cohort was conducted using linked Ontario-based administrative databases to expand the timeframe. The differential impact of COVID-19 over the two years (March 31, 2020, to December 31, 2021) on immigrants and non-immigrants with and without MH&A were examined using multivariate regression while controlling for potential socioeconomic and health-related confounders (e.g., age, sex, income quintiles, living in deprived neighbourhoods, region of origin, region of residence in Ontario, comorbidities, and access to primary care). Results: Our study included about 10.4 million Ontario residents aged 18 or older, of which 24% were identified as immigrants and 8.9% lived with MH&A. The average age of immigrants and non-immigrants living with MH&A was around 46 years with nearly 60% identifying as female. While both immigrants and non-immigrants with MH&A were more likely than those without MH&A to be impoverished and reside in socially deprived neighborhoods immigrants with MH&A were more socially disadvantaged than non-immigrant without MH&A (27.2% vs. 17.2%, Std diff=0.242; 31% vs. 23.3%, Std diff=0.175; 23.7%vs. 17%, Std diff=0.2=0.166). The prevalence of confirmed COVID-19 test results was significantly higher among immigrants than non-immigrants living with MH&A (17.7% vs. 9.5%). When we adjusted for potential confounders, immigrants living with MH&A were 52% more likely to be diagnosed with COVID19, over twice as likely to be hospitalized and be admitted to ICU, and 65% more likely to die from COVID-19 non-immigrants without MH&A. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence that the intersection of immigration status and preexisting MH&A significantly influences COVID-19 adverse outcomes. It is crucial that COVID-19 recovery efforts and future crisis responses incorporate targeted upstream interventions and community based-support systems that address the specific needs of structurally and clinically marginalized populations.
Associated Risk Factors of HIV Infection among Adolescent Girls and Young Women Seeking Services at a Tertiary Hospital in central Uganda
Adolescent Girls and Young Women (AGYW) aged 15-24 years in Uganda's Central region face heightened HIV risk, despite the country's commitment to global HIV Infection reduction efforts for this demographic under Sustainable Development Goal 3.3. A quantitative, cross-sectional research was conducted to examine factors associated with HIV Infection among AGYW in the Central region, Uganda in order to guide the development and implementation of effective HIV risk reduction interventions. A total of 375 AGYW aged 15-24 years with unknown HIV status were selected [1] using simple random sampling from Masaka Hospital Out-Patient Department (122) and Maternal Child Health Department (253). HIV testing was guided by the World Health Organization standards [2]. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 27.0. Out of 351 AGYW interviewed and tested, 5.1% were HIV positive, a notably higher prevalence compared to the 2.9% reported among AGYW aged 15-24 in the central region for the period 2020-2021. HIV infection was significantly associated with alcohol use (AOR =0.261; 95% CI: 0.09- 0.74; p = 0.011< 0.05) and stigma (AOR =4.91; 95%CI: 1.523-15.812; p = 0.008< 0.05). Limiting alcohol use and addressing HIV stigma should be a priority in reducing HIV infections among AGYW in Central region, Uganda.
Ecological Crisis Due to Chemical Toxicity: Addressing Soil Health for Better Human Health
When environmental changes undermine a species' or population's ability to survive, it is said to be in an ecological crisis. Pesticides, particularly persistent organic pollutants (POPs), are among the top ten chemicals and hazardous compounds that the WHO has recognized as being a concern for global health. The overuse and improper handling of agrochemicals is the primary driver of the ecological disaster. According to the GBD 2019, pollution of any type, including air pollution, lead, and other chemicals, causes one in six deaths globally. Industrialization, urbanization, population growth, the burning of fossil fuels, and a lack of adequate national or international chemical policies account for the 66% increase in deaths. Because of lack of awareness, training, and proper expertise regarding agrochemicals, it is particularly challenging to determine the influence on human health or the environment in developing nations. Studies in Northern India have shown evidence of the presence of heavy metals and pesticides in samples of fodder, vegetables, milk, urine, and blood. In addition to signs of genotoxic effect, there were significantly more spontaneous abortions, premature births, stillbirths that were five times as frequent, delay in milestone development, language delays, blue lines in the gums, mottled teeth, and gastrointestinal diseases, which may have been brought on by water contamination with pesticides and heavy metals. The greater rates of cancer including breast, uterus/cervix, ovary cancers of the blood and lymphatic system, oesophagus, and bones, are associated with farming, pesticides exposure, alcohol and smoking. Hence the soil and water have cocktail of pesticides and heavy metals. Pesticides have been widely used, and it is possible to find their remnants in the air, water, and soil. The three most important environmental problems affecting the globe now are pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss. Various new concepts, including sustainable agriculture reforms and food production that uses sustainable practices, have been inspired by the pressing need for a more sustainable and ecological approach. This review elaborates the extent of pollution due to heavy metals and pesticides with their health impacts and the regulatory measures to overcome this by various methods such as concept of soil security, food security, Natueco farming and multisectoral approach.
The impact of COVID-19 on Immigrants and Refugees living with Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Ontario, Canada
Background: While the COVID-19 pandemic has taken an enormous toll on communities across Canada, its negative impacts have not been experienced equally within immigrant and refugee communities. This disparity emanates from their systematically marginalized social and economic position in Canada. The association of social inequities with adverse COVID-19 outcomes can further be intensified in the context of underlying chronic health conditions like Cancer. There is a paucity of information on the impact of COVID-19 on immigrants living with active cancer. Our study aimed to address this gap. Methods: A population-based retrospective cohort study over 2 years (March 31, 2020, to December 31, 2021) was conducted based on multiple linked provincial-administrative databases. Multivariable regression was utilized to assess the differential impact of COVID-19 on immigrants and non-immigrants with and without active cancer while adjusting for potential socioeconomic and health-related confounders (e.g., age, sex, income, comorbidities, and access to primary care). Results: Our study comprised about 10.4 million Ontario residents aged 18 or older, of which 24% were identified as immigrants and 0.7% lived with an active cancer. Among immigrants with active cancer, 63% were female. A higher proportion of immigrants living with cancer, compared to non-immigrants with cancer, lived in neighbourhoods that had the lowest household income (26% vs 18%), were the most residentially unstable (29% vs 25%), were the most materially deprived (23% vs 17%,) and were the most ethnically diverse (59% vs. 17%). About 15% of immigrants with active cancer also suffered from mental health and addiction disorders. The prevalence of confirmed COVID-19 test results was significantly higher among immigrants than non-immigrants living with cancer. Furthermore, when we adjusted for covariates, immigrants living with active cancer were 3 times more likely to be hospitalized and be admitted to ICU, and 4 times more likely to die from COVID-19 than their peers. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence that immigrants with active cancer were more socially and economically disadvantaged and had worse COVID-19 outcomes compared to their peers. System-level intervention is needed to protect those at the intersection of clinical and social vulnerabilities during pandemic recovery and in future crises.
Environmental Influences on Atopic Eczema
The health outcomes of an individual are shaped by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental influences. While some diseases stem solely from environmental factors, others like atopic eczema, also known as neurodermatitis or atopic dermatitis, are multifaceted, with environmental variables playing a significant role in its initiation and severity. Atopic eczema is a prevalent chronic condition observed globally, particularly in Western industrialized nations where its prevalence is estimated to range from 2.5% to 3.5% in adults and 10% to 15% among children. The increasing incidence of atopic eczema in industrialized countries over recent decades suggests that this trend may be due to environmental changes rather than genetic predispositions. Therefore, by thoroughly examining environmental factors and their role in atopic dermatitis, one may be able to gain a better understanding of its disease pattern and develop possible preventative measures. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of how the surrounding environment contributes to the pathogenesis of atopic eczema.
Cassava Cultivation under Abiotic Stress: Emphasis on Waterlogging Tolerance Using Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Cassava is a staple food for over 750 million people worldwide mainly in Africa, thus is closely associated with food security. However, in Africa the Congo Basin region receives a high level of rainfall, leading to more or less prolonged waterlogging of the soil. Waterlogging one of the major abiotic causes of constraints in crop production worldwide, could be involved in the reduction of cassava production in Congo Basin. Nevertheless, there are aerobic microbes such as arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), which establish endomycorrhizal symbioses, mutualistic symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. They may enhance host plants nutrient acquisition and protect them also from abiotic stress. AMF diversity in wetland rice roots and in roots of Littorella uniflora submerged in lakes have been postponed. Furthermore, molecular techniques reveal that both terrestrial and aquatic plants can harbor a rich diversity of AMF species in their roots. Cassava is highly mycotrophic. Our review describes the main abiotic stresses faced by cassava, with particular emphasis on waterlogging stress when cassava is associated with AMF. The review suggests possible solutions to enable farmers to maintain acceptable yields despite the occurrence of these various abiotic stresses.
Urinary Biomonitoring for Detection of As and Cd Exposure in Adult Population - A Cross Sectional Study from Selected Area of West Bengal, India
Introduction: Monitoring of human exposure to environmental pollutants can be achieved by assessment of biological samples such as urine. Arsenic (As) and Cadmium (Cd) both metals are environmentally toxic in nature. Biomonitoring of these heavy metals in non-endemic areas of West Bengal is not well documented, at international level many human biomonitoring surveys have been well established. Aim: To assess urinary arsenic (U-iAs) and urinary cadmium (U-Cd) among the adult population of West Bengal. And also endeavor to identify sociodemographic and lifestyle factors affecting exposure to environmental As and Cd. Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted in 258 adults. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire. U-iAs and U-Cd was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Results: This study found predominantly low to moderate levels of U-iAs 4.55-40.95μg/L and U-Cd 0.01-1.7μg/L. About 5% individuals had U-iAs>27μg/L (reference value) and 7.4% individuals had U-Cd above human biomonitoring value (1μg/L). Urban residents had about 1.58-fold higher U-iAs than rural. Urban individuals, females involved in cooking and smoker traveler males had significantly (p<0.05 for each category) higher U-iAs and U-Cd than their counterparts. Discussion: Cooking practice in females, smoking and travelling in males were reported as potential contributors to As and Cd exposure. Conclusion: This study provided data on U-iAs and U-Cd levels in study population that will help them to beware of toxic metals exposure and will be useful for policymakers in decision-making on interventions, enabling appropriate risk reduction strategies.
Epidemiology, Mechanisms and Prevention in the Etiology of Environmental Factor-Induced Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases are a significant cause of mortality worldwide, and their prevalence can be amplified by a range of environmental factors. This review article critically evaluated the published information on the epidemiology and pathophysiological mechanisms of various environmental factors such as air indoor and outdoor air pollution, water pollution, climate change, and soil pollution. Preventative measures to mitigate these effects including public health responses are discussed with gaps in our knowledge for future studies.
Exploring U.S. Occupant Perception Toward Indoor Air Quality Via Social Media and NLP Analysis
The global implementation of stay-at-home mandates altered people's activities within the built environment, prompting a slowdown in the spread of covid viruses. Nevertheless, this period shed light on previously unforeseen challenges in achieving "better" indoor air quality (IAQ) within buildings, necessitating a focus on building health resilience for future scenarios. This study aims to evaluate occupants' feedback on the impact of stay-at-home measures on IAQ perception in buildings across the U.S. during the first year of the pandemic (2020) and compare it with the baseline from the previous year (2019) nationwide to assess the changes and identify potential areas for IAQ management strategies. Geo-tagged textual data from X (formerly known as Twitter) platform were collected and analyzed using Natural Language Processing (NLP) based on time series sentiment analysis techniques to compute the feedback. Findings indicate that occupants’ negative feedback on IAQ increased during 2020 compared to the baseline. It was also found that public perception of IAQ in 2020 was notably less favorable, potentially due to deteriorating conditions inside homes as people spent more time indoors. The study underscores the potential of NLP in capturing occupant perception, contributing to data-driven studies that can inform design, engineering, and policy-making for sustainable future.
Knowledge and Attitudes towards Cervical Cancer Screening and Acceptability of HPV Self-Sampling (HPV-SS) Among Under or Never Screened Racialized Immigrant Women in GTA, Ontario, Canada
Background: Although Cervical cancer (CC) screening with the Papanicolaou (Pap) test has been effective in reducing CC incidence and mortality, the benefits have not equitably been distributed across different social strata. Immigrants and refugees, particularly South Asian (SA) and Sub-Saharan African (SSA) women, are among the most under-screened groups in Ontario. Little is known about the SA and SSA’s beliefs about CC and screening or the acceptability of utilizing HPV self-sampling (HPVSS), an alternative method of screening for CC. This on-line communitybased mixed methods pilot study aimed to address this knowledge gap. Methods: Thirty under and never screened SA and SSA women 25-69 years old, residing in Greater Toronto Area were recruited by study community champions. Study participants completed an online survey, viewed a short video about HPV-SS and participated in online focus groups. Results: Participants had limited knowledge and negative attitudes towards CC and screening. Sexually transmitted infections were viewed as a stigmatized concept. Multiple barriers to screening were identified like time constraints, limited availability of female healthcare providers, family beliefs and restrictions imposed by husbands in undergoing screening, and modesty in exposing private parts during a pelvic examination. Participants expressed preference for screening conducted by healthcare professionals for their knowledge and expertise while they were open to HPV-SS due to its convenience and privacy. The need for training about how to conduct the HPV-SS was highlighted. Conclusion: The results emphasize the urgent need for targeted, familycentred, and culturally safe CC screening awareness campaigns for SA and SSA immigrant women.
Bone Developmental Toxicology Studies of Cadmium Chloride in Juvenile Sprague Dawley Rats
Cadmium (Cd) exposure is able to reduce the accumulation of bone mass and exert influence on bone maturity and differentiation. Children are in a critical period of bone maturity and differentiation. This study used juvenile rats to assess Cd effects on bone development. Four groups of 8 male and 8 female juvenile Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were treated with 0 (vehicle, deionized water), 0.5, 1.5, or 5.0 mg/kg/day cadmium chloride orally once daily for 9 weeks, on Postnatal Days (PND) 8 to 70. Bone development parameters, bone metabolism parameters, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone histomorphology were measured. The results showed that Cd accumulation in bone and blood caused severe damage to bone. Body weights, crown-rump lengths, bone lengths and weight gains in the 5.0 mg/kg/day group were statistically lower than those in the vehicle control group. The results of micro computed tomography (Micro-CT) and histological analysis revealed that the bone microstructure of the 5.0 mg/kg/day group has been significantly disrupted, especially trabecular, and the BMD of femur and tibia were reduced. Thus, cadmium chloride impaired bone development in juvenile rats, which may provide references for the toxicity of cadmium chloride and therapeutic target for Cd-associated bone damage in children.
Data Sharing Statements: The Case of the TSUNAMI Trial in Italy
Data sharing statements represent a fundamental pillar of transparency in science. We report here a case study showing the total failure of data sharing in a relevant clinical trial during the COVID-19 pandemic and advocate for urgent policy changes.
Perceptions of the Harms of E-Cigarettes, Combustible Cigarettes, and Other Substances among Adults who Smoke in the UK: A Mixed Methods Study
Whilst e-cigarettes have been characterised by public health bodies as substantially less harmful than combustible tobacco products, research shows that a proportion of adults, including those who are smoking combustible cigarettes, perceive these devices to be as harmful, or more harmful, than combustible cigarettes, whilst many others are uncertain as to the relative harmfulness of these products. Research has also shown that perceptions of the diverse harms of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes can influence the likelihood of individuals using e-cigarettes as a means of quitting smoking. In this paper, we focus upon the harm perceptions of a sample of adults who smoke in the United Kingdom. Whilst a large proportion of the adults surveyed correctly viewed e-cigarettes as less harmful than combustible cigarettes, around four in ten (41%) viewed these devices as equally harmful, more harmful, or were unsure of the relative harm of these devices in comparison to combustible cigarettes. Qualitative interviews with survey participants indicated that the perceptions of relative harm between combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes were a complex amalgam of beliefs, fears, predictions, reactions, and uncertainties about the longterm impact of e-cigarettes and judgements about the greater frequency and intensity with which e-cigarettes were likely to be used compared to combustible cigarettes. There is an important need to identify the most effective means by which those involved in the use, regulation, manufacture, media reporting and evaluation of these devices can be combined in developing effective communication strategies to ensure that those who are smoking have access to accurate information with which to make informed choices as to whether to use e-cigarettes as a means of quitting smoking.
A Woman aged 82 years with Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity since Almost Four Decades Developed the Microwave Syndrome after Installation of 5G Base Stations in her Living Vicinity – Ethical Principles in Medicine are violated
Installation of the fifth generation (5G) for radiofrequency radiation started in Sweden in 2019/2020. Since then there has been a rapid development of this technology in the whole country. In previous case reports we have presented persons that developed the microwave syndrome caused by the radiation after installation of 5G in their neighborhood. Mostly these former healthy persons have tolerated previous generations such as 3G and 4G. After moving to another place without 5G the microwave syndrome disappeared in short time. Thus 5G seems to be a culprit for ill health, and these 5G exposure studies correspond to classic provocation tests on effects on well-being. This article presents a woman aged 82 years with electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) since almost four decades. After deployment of 5G base stations close to her living place she developed severe ill health including fatigue, dysesthesia, dizziness, balance disorder, and light sensitivity that all are included in the microwave syndrome. Also her 83 years old husband was affected, although to a minor extent. The ethical and moral principles in medicine that can be adopted for RF radiation illness are respect for life, human dignity, self-determination, medical care, justice, and benefit. These principles are central for ethics among physicists and other health care staff. All these principles were violated and in fact microwave illness with the variety of symptoms is not acknowledged as a disease by the medical community. This is mostly based on lack of scientific knowledge on this topic.
Biomonitoring of Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene as an Indicator of PAHs Exposure in the Adult Population of West Bengal, India
Background: Exposure to environmental Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) among the general population is a global issue. PAHs exposure causes various health issues that depend on Intensity, exposure duration, age, health status, and genetic susceptibility. Aim: To evaluate PAHs exposure by biomonitoring of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in residents of West Bengal, India. Method: Urine samples were obtained from 100 individuals living in urban and rural areas. 1-OHP was quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). A structured questionnaire was used to collect daily exposure-related information. Results: The mean value of 1-OHP was 0.44μg/L (median 0.26μg/L) in total individuals. It was higher in urban and male than rural and female individuals. The 95th percentile value of 1-OHP was found higher than reference value 1.03μg/L established by German Environment Agency. The highest 1-OHP was observed in age group 40->40years (0.49μg/L). Low income group (LIG), smoker males and females involved in cooking practice have significantly high 1-OHP (p<0.0001; p=0.0002; p=0.0002 respectively). Females who were using biomass cooking fuel had significantly high 1-OHP(p=0.002). 1-OHP in smoker travellers was 3.4-fold higher than non-smoker nontraveller individuals. Rural females staying indoors had significantly higher (p=0.0003)1-OHP than urban females. Conclusion: High PAHs exposure was found in our study individuals compared to other countries. In urban environments, traffic emissions and tobacco smoke were found as the prime contributors, while in rural areas biomass fuel smoke was a major contributing factor. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reduce PAHs exposure at regulatory and individual levels.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health
Demographic Transition Model and Population Growth of India - Implications and Assessments
The demographic transition model (DTM) describes the progression of a country's population growth based on societal development. This paper examines the applicability of the DTM to India's unique demographic scenario and delves into the implications and assessments of India's population growth. The study includes vital analyses of the influence of urbanization, socioeconomic variables, and governmental policies on the demographic transition. It concludes with India's demographic change's potential social, economic, and environmental consequences.
PFOS Impairs Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Dynamics and Reduces Oxygen Consumption in Human Trophoblasts
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a synthetic chemical used in various commercial applications and industrial settings, has led to contamination of drinking water and has been detected in the bloodstream of pregnant women with gestational complications. Recent investigations have indicated that PFOS disrupts placental function; however, the mechanism remains elusive. Given the significant abundance of mitochondria in the placenta, which play a pivotal role in fulfilling the heightened energy requirements of pregnancy, our research aimed to examine the repercussions of PFOS exposure on mitochondrial dynamics within placental trophoblasts. Specifically, human trophoblasts (HTR-8/SVneo) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of PFOS ranging from 0.1 to 50 μM for 48 hours. Findings revealed that PFOS exposure elicited a concentration-dependent decrease in basal, maximal, and ATP-linked respiration. PFOS inhibited the activity of electron transport complexes I, II, and III, resulting in diminished ATP production. Furthermore, PFOS reduced mitochondrial DNA copy number, indicating less mitochondrial content. Concurrently, there was a downregulation in the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes, including PGC- 1α, NRF1, and NRF2. Notably, PFOS perturbed mitochondrial dynamics by suppressing the expression of fission-related genes (FIS1 and DRP1) and fusion-related genes (MFN1 and MFN2). In summary, our findings suggest that PFOS exposure leads to a decline in mitochondrial content and compromises the bioenergetic capacity of trophoblasts by impairing cellular respiration. This reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis and alterations in fission/fusion dynamics induced by PFOS may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction in trophoblasts. Consequently, strategies that preserve mitochondrial function in trophoblasts may mitigate PFOSinduced impairment of placental energy metabolism.