Journal of Nanotechnology Research is an open access, peer-reviewed, bimonthly online journal encourage researchers to publish new research in nanotechnology. Journal of Nanotechnology Research publishes editorials, original articles, research notes, reviews, commentary, Case report and short communications in the interdisciplinary area of Nanotechnology.
Nano Silver Foliar Treatment Substantially Mitigates the Incidence of Thrips Infestation in Chilli Plants
The prevalence of thrips infestation in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is a significant determinant that greatly hinders the overall quality and yield of the fruit. In the present study, we aimed an inclusive approach of the sequential application of synthesised Rhizopus elicitor-mediated silver (Ag) and silver thiosulfate (Ag?S?O?) nanoparticles (AgNPs, ST NPs) in order to combat thrips infestation in chilli plants. In a controlled greenhouse environment, a foliar spray treatment was conducted using different concentrations of bio-nanosilver particles, specifically AgNPs and STNPs (at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mgL-1). The application of NPs through foliar spray at varying concentrations ranging from 20 to 100mgL-1 exhibited a significant reduction in thrips population, surpassing the control treatment and also exemplified with no discernible signs of phytotoxic effects. The findings indicated that the Ag and ST NPs produced by biological means had a positive impact on the growth of seedlings and resulted in a considerable increase in crop yield compared to the control. This effect was attributed to the NPs ability to provide a protective barrier against thrips. The study indicates that NPs produced through biological processes are well-suited for commercially significant chilli plants. Additionally, they provide a new avenue for biopesticides to prevent thrips infestation, leading to sustainable agricultural practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Nanotechnology Research
Food-Grade Preparation of Nutraceutical Nanoparticles Using Facilitated Self-Assembling Technology (FAST) for A New Generation of Nutritional Supplements
Nutraceuticals such as curcumin, resveratrol, lycopene, lutein, and coenzyme Q10 possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities but their practical use is hindered by poor solubility and bioavailability. Traditional nanocarriers like liposomes, nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles often rely on surfactants and synthetic organic solvents that limit safety, scalability, and regulatory acceptance. The present study evaluated the Facilitated Self-Assembling Technology (FAST) platform as a clean-label alternative for generating bioavailable nutraceutical nanoparticles. Using only food-grade facilitating medium, FAST enabled spontaneous formation of stable, amorphous nanoparticles with strong negative surface charge and high colloidal stability. Hybrid nanoparticles combining epigallocatechin-3-gallate-palmitates (EC16), curcumin, and resveratrol further improved surface charge, reduced size range, and exhibited enhanced stability under simulated gastric conditions. All formulations demonstrated excellent biocompatibility in XTT assays, with no reduction in viability compared to control. Fluorescent imaging of EC16/Cy5 fluorescent hybrid nanoparticles confirmed nanoparticle–cell surface interactions without cytotoxicity. Compared with chemical conjugation and lipid-based nanoencapsulation, FAST offered faster, surfactant-free, and energy-efficient production, fully compliant with FDA generally recognized as safe (GRAS) standards. These results support the FAST platform as an efficient, economical, and scalable nanotechnology for next-generation functional beverages and oral nutraceutical delivery systems that meet both regulatory and consumer demands for natural, sustainable innovation.
Development of Pd–Graphene Microelectrode Lattices for Closed-Loop Neuromodulation and Real-Time Signal Decoding: A Sustainable Platform for Bioelectronic Medicine and Adaptive Brain-Computer Interfaces
As the intersection of materials science, bioelectronics, and neuroscience continues to yield transformative therapeutic platforms, there remains a critical unmet need for neural interface systems that combine ultra-precise electrophysiological fidelity, long-term biostability, and targeted therapeutic delivery—particularly in the context of malignant brain tumors and progressive neurodegenerative disease. Here, we propose a next-generation neural interface system integrating palladium–graphene hybrid microelectrodes into a flexible, biocompatible patch designed for high-density, multimodal neurosensing and stimulation. Leveraging the exceptional electrocatalytic activity, corrosion resistance, and charge storage capacity of palladium, combined with the mechanical compliance and carrier mobility of graphene, this system is engineered to deliver bidirectional neuromodulation while simultaneously interrogating the glioma–brain interface or dysregulated cortical circuits in neurodegenerative disease. Unlike traditional platinum or gold-based neural probes, the Pd–graphene platform supports real-time mapping of tumor invasion zones, facilitates adaptive electrical stimulation to disrupt pro-tumoral bioelectrical gradients, and enables localized delivery of redox-activated drugs. The flexible microelectrode array is fabricated using laser-patterned deposition on a polyimide substrate, with tunable impedance for use across cortical, subcortical, and peripheral applications. Preliminary simulations suggest a >30% increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and a 2× improvement in charge injection capacity compared to conventional materials. This article details the design rationale, experimental paradigms, and projected biomedical applications of the device, with emphasis on palladium’s role in signal stability, redox catalysis, and future recyclability. We further explore implementation timelines, market implications, and its potential to shift the paradigm of neurosurgical bioelectronics and precision neuro-oncology. This platform offers a feasible, scalable, and ethically deployable tool for both therapeutic neuromodulation and invasive disease monitoring.
Non-Invasive Acoustic Myography for Measurement of Rumen Contractions
This study used a wireless acoustic myography device (SOFi M2 unit) that recorded high-quality rumen sound waves from cows in real time in a transdermal non-invasive fashion. Recordings reveal both extraneous and intrinsic sounds related to bolus movement in the oesophagus, m.Cutaneous trunci contractions in response to flies, contractions of the reticulum as well as contractions from the dorsal and ventral sacs. Details such as the timing of events in the rumen in relation to bolus movement in the oesophagus are presented as are gas bubble sounds from the paralumbar fossa as gas is displaced from the ventral blind sac at the end of an A-wave sequence. These detailed recordings will be of interest for students of veterinary medicine, and fully qualified veterinarians alike as an educational and diagnostic tool in connection with rumen motility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Nanotechnology Research
Arsenic Removal from Groundwater Using Recycled Iron Nanoparticles: Development and Evaluation of a Low-Cost Filter for Rural Communities
The presence of geogenic arsenic in groundwater poses a serious threat to public health in regions such as the Lake Poopó basin in Oruro, Bolivia. This study developed and evaluated a low-cost experimental filter using metallic iron (Fe0) and iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles obtained from recycled iron shavings using top-down and bottom-up filtration technologies. The nanoparticles were integrated into a homemade filtration system along with readily available materials such as sand, charcoal, and ground brick. Kinetic and adsorption tests were performed under controlled conditions, achieving arsenic removal rates exceeding 97% with Fe0 nanoparticles and 91% with Fe3O4. These results best fit the Freundlich isotherm model and second-order kinetics, which describe the arsenate adsorption behavior on both nanoparticles. The filter proved effective for up to 13 consecutive treatment cycles, reducing arsenic concentrations to levels ≤ 0.01 mg/L. This approach represents a sustainable, economical, and technically viable alternative for rural communities affected by this contaminant.
Investigating the Influence of Doping on the Physical and Optical Behavior of Nanomaterials
The study involved the synthesis of Thioglycerol-capped undoped cadmium sulphide (CdS) and copper sulphide (Cu2S) nanoparticles, and Mn-doped diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) CdS and Cu2S nanoparticles using a room-temperature, non-aqueous chemical method. Undoped CdS and Cu2S thin films, Mn-doped CdS, and Cu2S thin films were fabricated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates via dip coating, followed by annealing at 420°C in air for 20 minutes. The optical properties of CdS, Cu2S, CdS:Mn, and Cu2S:Mn nanoparticles were investigated using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) was employed to determine the chemical composition of undoped CdS and Cu2S and Mn-doped CdS and Cu2S thin films and the FTO glass substrates, with chemical composition percentages determined using mapping techniques. This study highlights the contrasting experimental outcomes of undoped and doped nanoparticles and thin films, emphasizing the advantages of doped materials in various applications over their undoped counterparts. Specifically, it aims to demonstrate the enhanced performance and suitability of doped materials in diverse settings.
TiO2 Nanotubes for Hydroformylation of Vinyl Acetate from Syngas
TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) have emerged as promising supports for heterogeneous catalysts due to their unique physicochemical properties, including high surface area, ion-exchange capacity, and structural stability. This review focuses on the work of Chuai et al., who systematically explored TNTs as supports for Rh-based catalysts in the hydroformylation of functionalized olefins, particularly vinyl acetate, using syngas (CO/H2). Their studies demonstrated that modifying TNTs with transition metal (Ru), alkali/alkaline earth cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+), and rare-earth metal (La3+) significantly enhances catalytic activity, selectivity, and turnover frequency (TOF). Key findings include the synergistic effects of Rh-Ru systems, the promotional role of alkali cations in CO adsorption, and the exceptional performance of La-decorated Rh/TNTs (TOF = 5796 h-1). Beyond hydroformylation, the potential applications of TNTs in other catalytic processes, such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, hydrogenation, and environmental catalysis, are discussed. This review highlights the versatility of TNTs as catalyst supports and provides insights into future research directions.
Development of Novel NKp46-based Chimeric Antigen Receptors for Cancer Immunotherapy
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has been highly successful in the treatment of hematological malignancies, yet its effectiveness in solid tumors remains limited. To develop CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors, identifying new target antigens is crucial. NKp46, a critical natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) on NK cells, play a pivotal role in their antitumor function. Interaction between NKp46 and its ligands activates NK cells, prompting the release of antitumor effector molecules. We found that NKp46 ligands (NKp46L) were specifically expressed in various tumor cells but absent in normal tissue cells, warranting further investigation. Consequently, we have developed novel second-generation CAR constructs featuring NKp46 extracellular immunoglobulin-like structural domains and demonstrated their in vitro cytotoxic activities against tumor cells. In conclusion, NKp46-based chimeric antigen receptors show promise in cancer immunotherapy but require further explorations.
Acknowledgement to Authors, Reviewers and Editors for the Journal of Nanotechnology Research in 2023
Rigorous peer-review is the main part in building the cornerstone of high-quality academic publishing. The editorial team greatly appreciates the authors, reviewers who contributed their knowledge and expertise to the journal’s editorial process over the past 12 months. In 2023, a total of 4 articles was published in the journal with a median time to first decision of 10 days and a median time to publication of 15 days. The editorial office would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following authors, reviewers and editors for their cooperation and dedication in 2023.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Nanotechnology Research
Navigating Measurements, Errors, and Uncertainties: Fundamental Principles for Scientific and Engineering Applications
Accurate measurement of physical quantities is essential for scientific inquiry and technological advancement. From fundamental research to practical application, reliable measurements form the basis of knowledge and innovation. However, measurements face challenges such as inherent errors and uncertainties, which must be managed to ensure data integrity. This research article explores key concepts in measurement science, including measurand definition, random and systematic errors, precision, accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility, resolution, uncertainty, and the estimation of physical quantities. Drawing from the literature and empirical examples, this paper elucidates these concepts and their interrelationships across diverse fields. The measurand, defined as the target of measurement, sets the stage for accurate data interpretation. Random errors, caused by unpredictable fluctuations, and systematic errors, stemming from consistent inaccuracies, require distinct mitigation strategies to improve measurement accuracy. The precision reflects the measurement consistency, while the accuracy denotes the proximity to the true value. Repeatability and reproducibility ensure measurement reliability across conditions and setups. Resolution determines the smallest detectable measurement increment, and is influenced by instrument sensitivity. Uncertainty quantification, involving statistical methods, acknowledges and manages measurement limitations. Understanding these concepts enhances measurement reliability in scientific research, engineering, and industrial applications, which is crucial for informed decision-making and technological advancement. Embracing these principles fosters accurate, precise, and impactful measurements, driving progress and improving quality of life globally.
Discussion on Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation: Applied to SEM with Liquid Cell for Particle Size Measurement of Liquid Nanoparticles
In recent years, the measurement of nanomaterials or nanoparticles in liquid environments using membrane-based liquid devices coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has become an important research method for real-time and dynamic measurement. However, when measuring the mean size of nanoparticles in a liquid environment, it is a random sampling measurement, and the influencing factor model of the measurement is arbitrarily complex, making it difficult to assess the statistical dispersion. This study attempts to evaluate the measurement uncertainty of the measured values according to the requirements of JCGM 100:2008. The results show that measurement errors caused by SEM system resolution are the main source of systematic measurement uncertainty. The reproducibility of measurements of different membrane-based liquid devices is the main source of random measurement uncertainty during the measurement process. Through statistical methods, it is possible to effectively reduce the measurement uncertainty of the actual nanoparticle distribution and mean nanoparticle size within a membrane-based liquid device.
From Bits to Atoms: Machine Learning and Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy
Cancer therapy has seen significant advancements in recent years, with the integration of machine learning and nanotechnology emerging as a promising new approach to improve treatment outcomes. This paper explores the synergistic potential of machine learning and nanotechnology-based platforms in enhancing cancer therapy. The paper also proposes a conceptual framework for using Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) and Data Mining for enhanced Photothermal therapy. Machine learning techniques offer the ability to analyze large datasets of patient information, tumor characteristics and treatment responses to develop personalized treatment plans tailored to patients. By harnessing machine learning algorithms and nanomedicine, clinicians can optimize treatment strategies, predict treatment outcomes and identify novel therapeutic targets. Nanotechnology provides a multipurpose platform for targeted drug delivery, imaging and diagnostics in cancer therapy. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems can deliver therapeutic agents directly to tumor sites while minimizing off-target effects and enhancing treatment efficacy. Additionally, nanoscale imaging agents and sensors enable early detection of cancer biomarkers and monitoring of treatment responses. This work also bridges the gap between scientific research and clinical applications. The integration of machine learning and nanotechnology offers several advantages for enhanced cancer therapy, including personalized treatment approaches, enhanced drug delivery efficiency, early detection methods and predictive modeling for treatment responses. This paper highlights recent advancements, challenges, and future directions in leveraging machine learning and nanotechnology to optimize cancer therapy and improve patient outcomes.
Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Content on Photocatalytic Performance of Graphene Oxide
Graphene is a two-dimensional carbon-based photocatalyst that shows great promise. This study compared the photocatalytic degradation of a new organic dye, Methylene Blue (MB), using graphene oxide (GO) to traditional water treatment procedures such as ion exchange and adsorption. In this study, the photocatalytic activity of GO and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was assessed by photodegrading Methylene Blue (MB) in an aqueous solution. The resultant GO nanoparticles were examined using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared Ray Spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD data verifies the strong peak centered at 2θ≈10.44°, corresponding to the (002) reflection of GO. Our study found that GO nanoparticles and H2O2 achieved ~92% photo decolorization of MB, compared to ~63% for H2O2 under natural sunshine irradiation at pH~7 in 60 minutes. Furthermore, the influence of dissolved oxygen (DOC) and H2O2 on MB degradation was studied. The experimental results showed that oxygen was a decisive factor in enhancing photocatalytic degradation. Direct photocatalysis (MB/GO) and H2O2-assisted photocatalysis (MB/H2O2/GO) resulted in an increase in the degradation rate constant (k1) from 0.019 to 0.042 min−1 for DOC 3.5 mgL−1. In this case, H2O2 worked as an electron and hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenger; however, the addition of H2O2 should be at the right dose to increase MB breakdown. Increasing the initial DOC content from 2.8 to 3.9 mgL−1 resulted in an increase in the degradation rate constant (k1) from 0.035 to 0.062 min−1. The photodegradation mechanism and kinetics were investigated for both direct and H2O2-assisted photocatalysis.
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Innovative Nanotechnologies for Advanced Medical Diagnosis
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a technological domain wherein computer systems emulate human cognitive capabilities to execute tasks previously reliant on human intellect. Referred to as smart machines, these entities exhibit the intelligence to autonomously perform cognitive functions. Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field spanning science, technology, and engineering, focusing on activities at the nanoscale for industrial and research applications. The intersection of AI and nanotechnology has notably influenced the evolution of medical diagnosis, enhancing the quality of diagnostic devices through advanced material construction and heightened functional sophistication. This collaboration has positively impacted medical diagnostics, enabling devices to detect and diagnose conditions with greater precision and depth. The incorporation of nanoscale materials has contributed to heightened device sensitivity, while AI-driven functionalities have elevated diagnostic capabilities, marking a significant stride in advancing healthcare technologies. This paper will review the impact of artificial intelligence on innovative nanotechnologies for advanced medical diagnosis.
Nanozymedb: A Manually Curated Database to Understand and Match Kinetics of Nanozymes with Natural Enzymes
Nanoparticle-based catalysts, also known as Nanozymes, have played a crucial role in growing success of nanotechnology owing to their intrinsic enzyme-like characteristics. They have gained significant interest among the research community in the past decade due to effective mode of action, higher stability, lowcost industrial production, wide spectrum of physical and chemical properties and tunable catalytic activities compared to both natural and artificial enzymes. Currently, the knowledge of these nanozymes is restricted either to individual research papers available across platforms such as Google Scholar and PubMed, or literature reviews incorporating a subset of few such papers. Hitherto, there exists no platform or repository summarizing an exhaustive list of nanozymes and their kinetics. In an attempt to benefact the scientific community, we present NanozymeDB, a comprehensive data framework serving as a single platform for addressing and collating catalytic and kinetic parameters of nanozymes.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Nanotechnology Research
Cellulose Ionogel Regeneration with Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoparticles: A Novel Approach for Reinforcing Cellulose Cryogels
This study focuses on producing ionogel derived cellulose cryogel nanocomposites with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanoparticles to explore improvement in thermomechanical properties. Cellulose cryogels were produced using microcrystalline cellulose dissolved in ionic liquid (1-butyl 3-methyl imidazolium chloride) to form ionogels. The hBN is dispersed within the cellulose matrix during the ionogel formation while the cellulose cryogel composite is formed in situ through regeneration, solvent exchange, and freeze-drying steps. This study investigated the effect of varying concentrations of hBN on the properties of the produced cellulose cryogel nanocomposites. The results show that adding hBN significantly improved the thermomechanical properties of the cellulose cryogels, making them more suitable for various real-world applications. This research contributes to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly cryogel composites, which have great potential in various fields such as thermal insulation, biosensors, tissue engineering, and drug delivery.
Nanotechnology Applications in Healthcare with Emphasis on Sustainable Covid-19 Management
Nanotechnology is an inter-disciplinary branch of science and technology that focuses on the manipulation of matter on the nanoscale, usually between 1-100 nanometers. Nanotechnology blends various aspects of materials science, electrical/electronic engineering, biology, chemistry, physics and computer science to create a synergy of knowledge to improve modern science. The human race was hit hardly during the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to the loss of millions of lives across the globe and has created long-lasting socio-economic problems. Nanomaterials, based on their completely unique properties after fabrication have played a vital role in healthcare, especially combating the coronavirus. This has been achieved through advances in vaccines, drug delivery, diagnostics and personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers. Scientists must sustain the success of nanotechnology applications in COVID management. This can be achieved by focusing on the applications of nanotechnology that can specifically combat the coronavirus.
Temperature Induced Microstructural Changes in InGaN/GaN Quantum Wells Observed by Electron Microscopy
The present work concerns the microstructural characterization of multiple InGaN/GaN Quantum Well (QW) structures grown onto GaN on sapphire templates by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE), using electron microscopy techniques (Transmission Electron Microscopy-TEM and Scanning Electron Microscopy-SEM). The TEM characterization showed V-shaped defects, including V-pits and trench defects on the surface of the as-grown sample. Post-growth annealing experiments were performed in order to determine whether a structural degradation of the structure has taken place. After annealing a very small density of V-defects was observed, having a beneficial impact on optoelectronics performance. The presence of sharp interfaces between the InGaN QWs and the GaN barriers gave us an indication of their good structural quality.
Transmittance of Tapered Photonic Crystal Fibers with Absorbing Coatings
The interaction effect of the fundamental mode of a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) with a thin-film absorbing coating deposited on a surface of a fiber cladding on the optical transmission of the PCF is studied. It is shown that the transmission has a quasi-periodic spectrum that is determined either by a resonance coupling between the leaky fundamental PCF mode and leaky modes of the coating, or between the leaky fundamental PCF mode and cladding modes localized between PCF air channels and the coating. Examples are presented of using this effect for fiber-optic sensors of refractive index, pressure, and for sensing an adsorption layer of ammonia molecules deposited on a coating surface contacting with air.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Nanotechnology Research
Graphene and its Applications. Study on The Development Trends in Research and on the Implementation Potential using Big Data and Information Refining Methods
This paper presents the results of a study on development trends for graphene technologies and on the applications of this material, which is a dynamically growing field of Nano technological research. The study uses information refinement methods and analytical methods using big data tools, as well as statistical methods and machine learning-based algorithms. The aim of the study was to determine the potential of graphene application and identification of change trends in this field, based on the previously defined fields of technology. The results of the study indicate the potential of analytical tools - the greater the more specific, specialized knowledge in the field is involved. The study identified trends related to graphene applications, mainly in the field related to energy solutions. Research dedicated to applications in electric engineering include not only batteries, but also transistors, magnetic field sensors, fuel cells, electric conductors and generators.
New Precursors towards the Hypergolic Synthesis of Inorganic Materials with Peculiar Morphologies
Hypergolic reactions have been recently introduced from our group as a radically new preparative tool in materials science, namely hypergolic materials synthesis, allowing the fast and spontaneous synthesis of several nanomaterials at ambient conditions in an energy-liberating manner. Although the majority of the examples given from our group in this context have been mainly referred to carbon, hypergolic materials synthesis can be, in principle, extended to the synthesis of inorganic materials as well. For instance, in previous works we have illustrated that metallocenes and metallocene dichlorides in combination with fuming nitric acid HNO3 are versatile organometallic reagents towards the hypergolic synthesis of a wide range of inorganic material. In our search for additionally new precursors towards the hypergolic synthesis of inorganic materials, here we take another step-forward to show the great potential of metal (IV) dimethylamides with fuming nitric acid HNO3 or of low melting point, hydrated transition metal salts (chlorides or nitrates) with sodium hydride NaH, in the synthesis of inorganic materials with peculiar morphologies through the corresponding hypergolic reactions. In particular, we show that titania TiO2 nanoparticles with twin structure can be derived by ignition of titanium (IV) dimethylamide with fuming nitric acid HNO3, whereas thin maghemite γ-Fe2O3 nanosheets by ignition of molten iron (III) chloride hexahydrate FeCl3•6H2O with sodium hydride NaH. The method can be equally applied to other metal (IV) dimethylamides or low melting point, hydrated transition metal salts with fuming nitric acid HNO3 or sodium hydride NaH, respectively, thus emphasizing the generality and simplicity of this new type of precursors in the hypergolic synthesis of inorganic materials.
Isolation, Characterization and Hydrogen Sulfide H2S Sorption Properties at Room Temperature of Magnetite Sludge from Radiator
Radiator sludge is caused by hydrothermal corrosion of ferrous metals that make up the system, with more than 98 % being magnetite Fe3O4 (e.g., magnetite sludge). When hot circulating water reacts with metals such as the steel inside radiator, the build-up of sludge can be costly, leading to heating inefficiency or system breakdown through pipes blockage. Therefore, the sludge must be removed from radiator on a regular basis, ending up as waste to the environment without any further use. Taking into account the numerous applications of magnetic iron oxides, as well as the vast number of installed radiators existing worldwide, it becomes apparent that magnetite sludge makes a considerable yet cheap waste meriting further attention towards practical applications. In this work, we isolate and characterize magnetite sludge from radiator, providing evidence about the magnetic nature of the iron oxide phase for the first time. Following, we exploit the sludge as sorbent material towards hydrogen sulfide H2S removal. Due to trace amounts of catalytic elements in the sample from the steel body of radiator, this shows a high removal capacity of 2.68 mmol H2S per gram of sorbent at room temperature, thus surpassing literature-reported values of synthetic magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles (0.1-1.5 mmol H2S per gram of sorbent in the range 30-120 °C). This finding is important taking into consideration that there is an ever-increasing need towards an efficient removal of hydrogen sulfide H2S at room temperature by low-cost sorbents.
Hypergolic Materials Synthesis: A Review
Hypergolic materials synthesis is a new preparative technique in materials science that allows a wide range of carbon (nanosheets, dots, hollow spheres, discs, fullerols, graphene/graphite) or inorganic (magnetic, photocatalytic, metallic or metal alloy) solids with useful properties to be obtained. Solely based on simple hypergolic reactions that lift-off rockets to space, the method not only allows the fast and spontaneous synthesis of several nanomaterials at ambient conditions, but also releases sizable amounts of energy that can be directly converted into useful work, such as chemical, mechanical, photovoltaic, thermoelectric or heating fluids. The present review aims to summarize the basic principles behind this new technique, to emphasize the general character and simplicity of the method by citing several paradigms of carbon and inorganic functional materials syntheses, as well as, to discuss some future prospects for large scale implementation based on rocket fuel engineering concepts.
Using Nanoparticles and Laser Induced Photo Thermal Ablation to Treat Low Grade Canine Mast Cell Tumors: Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety
Background: Nanoparticles have been the subject of a large amount of physical and bioscience research. In the last decade use of these particles in medicine has gone from theoretical to clinical trials. Passive targeting of certain nanoparticles takes advantage of inherent abnormalities in tumor vasculature allowing accumulation in solid tumors through a process known as the ‘‘Enhanced Permeability and Retention’’ (EPR) effect. In animal tumor implant models, Gold-Coated Silicone Nanoparticle (GSN) and exposure of tumors to laser light (at 808nm) generated enough heat to cause tumor cell death. Mast Cell Tumors (MCT) are the most common skin tumor in dogs, comprising an estimated 20% of canine skin tumors. The goal of this retrospective study was to evaluate nanoparticle and laser Photothermal Ablation (PTA) on low grade canine MCT. Results: 30 dogs with 36 mast cell tumors were treated in this retrospective study. All tumors were low grade MCT based on histopathologic examination. Treated dogs had a 100% response rate, with 94% achieving clinical remission. Recurrence rate was 17%. Mean Progression Free Time (PFT) for treated dogs was 552 days. Conclusion: Results of this retrospective study suggest that photothermal ablation using GSN combined with exposure to near infrared light (808 nm) may provide an effective local therapy of low-grade canine MCT. Median progression free time and survival was not reached in the treatment group, suggesting that long term tumor control may be possible with PTA that potentially equals surgery when margins are narrow (<0.3cm) or incomplete.
Current status of Nanoscale Quantum Materials
Quantum materials refers to the branch of condensed-matter physics dedicated to the study of materials whose electronic properties cannot be understood using first-principle concepts such as Landau’s Fermi-liquid metal theory. The importance of these studies cannot be over-emphasized, with the promise of formulating novel materials for use in industries such quantum computing, catalysis, and production of micro sensors. Through the development of novel characterization techniques such as Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES) and various X-ray diffraction advances, it is now possible to gain insight into superconductive nature and topological variations in materials which affect the degree of orderliness and energy quantization within its structure. This has opened up new materials with novel properties, such as the non-magnetic ternary EuSn2P2. In order for quantum studies to effect more change in the synthesis of more nanoscale materials with impeccable heat loss properties, certain aspects of material structural composition and behavior still need to be addressed. More specifically, there is need to understand the non-BCS superconductivity of iron-based pnictides and chalcogenides, as well more insights the effects of orderliness on partial melting during phase transitions. This would benefit high temperature superconductivity through intrinsic material optimization.
From Waste Tea to Carbon Rocket Fuels through a Piranha Solution-Mediated Carbonization Treatment
In a previous work we have demonstrated the carbonization of biomass waste, such as stale bread, spent coffee and cardboard, in piranha solution towards the formation of hypergolic carbons that could be exploited as solid fuels in rocket engines. These cases simply aimed to provide some interesting examples of waste valorization towards a new class of carbon-based rocket fuels rather unique to the piranha solution treatment. In an effort to further strengthen this concept with additional examples herein we report the carbonization of waste tea in piranha solution towards the formation of hypergolic carbons at decent yield. Likewise bread, coffee and cardboard waste, spent tea is also produced in large quantities worldwide every year, thus meriting further attention in this context. Consistently with the previously reported results, the piranha solution-mediated carbonization of waste tea produces carbon nanosheets that spontaneously ignite upon contact with fuming nitric acid HNO3 at ambient conditions. Interestingly, intercalation of the nanosheets with certain ignitable molecules further boosts carbon hypergolicity upon contact with fuming nitric acid HNO3. These findings come to confirm the versatile character of the method in diverting biomass waste into valuable energetic carbons by piranha solution.
A New Generation of Carbon-Containing Hypergolic Fuels Based on Water-Ignitable C-NaH Mixtures
Carbon is an energetic, plentiful, cheap, non-toxic and non-corrosive material that is however scarcely used as solid fuel in hypergolic propellants for rocket engines, probably due to the luck of hypergolicity and ignition difficulties. Taking into consideration that carbon hypergolicity is a rare phenomenon in the literature, herein is presented a new type of carbon-containing hypergolic compositions based on water-ignitable C-NaH mixtures. In these formulations, carbon might be fullerenes C60, multiwall carbon nanotubes MWNTs, charcoal or active carbon, whereas sodium hydride NaH and water react exothermically upon contact to trigger carbon combustion and ignition of the mixtures at ambient conditions. Hence, carbon allotropes appear as potentially new solid fuels in hypergolic propellant compositions, meriting further attention in this direction.
Brief History of Electronic Structure Calculations in Computational Chemistry
The past influence the present and future; for example, in computational chemistry, simplifying assumptions and approximations critical to problem-solving in the pre-computing era remains relevant today in allowing simulation of larger systems using reasonable amount of computational time. By highlighting significant milestones in efforts - from both theoretical and simulation perspectives - aimed at understanding the nature of chemical bond formation, this short essay traces the development and evolution of electronic structure calculation methods over the years. Specifically, Schrodinger equation occupies central place in computational chemistry, where its intractability to easy solution spawned an entire field seeking to develop increasingly refined and accurate methods for obtaining approximate solutions. Such a chronological thread also form the basis for asking counterfactual (“what if”) questions examining, from a historical vantage point, the relative role of computational power and theoretical intuition in the development of computational chemistry.
Formic Acid Generation from Impregnated Cellulose with Iron Nanoparticles via Microwave-Assisted Processes
The enormous potential of formic acid (FA) as hydrogen carrier, high hydrogen content and low toxicity makes it a good alternative for hydrogen production. Direct generation of iron nanoparticles loosely incorporated in cellulose offered simple route to form FA. The presence of charged ions from alkali salt assisted in the deconstruction of cellulose to glucose and subsequent transformation of glucose to FA concentration of 0.47gC/L. Formic acid selectivity reached 15.8% at a reaction temperature of 180 °C. Employing iron nanoparticles and microwave process in FA production is an environmentally sustainable route. The above processes pave the way for lignocellulosic biomass usage for FA production and making economical usage of catalysts.
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Nanotechnology Research
Nanotechnology to Cure Breast Cancer and Obstacles in its Way
Nanomaterials owing to their remarkable pharmaceutical properties and potential to load large quantities of drugs are considered an ideal vector for carrying medicine to the target site. The treatment of breast cancer has been a pressing issue due the use of conventional methods of treatment resulting in many side effects. Nanotechnology offers a more targeted approach in breast cancer treatment. The present review examines the role of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanoparticles in the treatment of breast cancer and the obstacles in the way of nanotechnology in becoming one of the best methods in breast cancer treatment and drug delivery. Use of monoclonal antibody trastuzumab against HER-2 biomarkers by attaching it with nanotubes or nanoparticles is considered the best targeted therapy along with photo thermal ablation. The absence of human tumor models and lack of toxicological assays are the major factors contributing to differences between the preclinical and clinical trial results.